Poultry Farm Guidehttps://example.com/blog/2024-03-28T10:11:50.595492+00:00Your guide to successful poultry farmingAlternative Feed Ingredients For Corn And Soybeans2021-05-29T15:01:19+00:002024-03-28T09:02:17.963774+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/alternative-feed-ingredients-for-corn-and-soybeans/<p> Over the years livestock experts and nutritionists have tirelessly sorted and researched alternatives feed ingredients for corn and soybeans, which are extensively used in formulating livestock feed, especially for poultries and pigs.</p>
<p>Despite some hindrances like anti-nutritional factors, unavailability, palatability, etc, associated with these feed alternatives, there has been some progress in this aspect. For example, 15 % oat in combination with barley can replace corn without affecting overall performance. In the same vine, <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/alternative-poultry-feed-ingredients-a-solution-to-high-feed-prices/">(Abdulrashid and Agwuaobi, 2009),</a><span> reported that cocoyam meal will effectively replace maize at 25% (raw sundried) and 50% (boiled sundried) as a major source of energy in the diets of broiler finishers.</span></p>
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<p><span>However, one of the major setbacks is the anti-nutritional factors found in these feed alternatives, but notwithstanding, nutritional experts have been able to produce some enzymes capable of enhancing the digestibility of these feed alternatives.</span></p>
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<p>ok, enough of the intro...</p>
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<p>So, in this post, I will show you the latest feed alternatives for maize and soybeans, their anti-nutritional factors, the amount in percentage that can be used, and the source. However, in this episode, the alternative feed ingredients are more common in America and Europe, and to a lesser extent in some parts of Asia and Africa. You can see alternative feed ingredients common in Africa<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/alternative-feed-ingredients-for-corn-and-soybeans/"> here.</a></p>
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<p>Ok, let continue...</p>
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<h4><strong>Also Read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/how-to-make-chicken-lay-big-eggs-and-make-more-profit/"> How to Make Chicken Lay Big Eggs and Make More Profit</a></strong></h4>
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<p>Let us look at the value of what is being Replaced</p>
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<p><img alt="" height="254" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Corn+and+soybeans.png" width="254"/></p>
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<table border="5" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" height="251" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="643">
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<td><strong>Corn</strong></td>
<td><strong>Soybeans</strong></td>
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<td> 7 – 9% Protein</td>
<td>36 – 48% protein</td>
</tr>
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<td>1475 -1600 kilocalories per pound</td>
<td>1050 (48% meal) – 1600 (Full fat roasted) kilocalories per pound</td>
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<td>Xanthophylls (yellow color) for yolk and body-color</td>
<td>16 – 20% Fat – natural oils that provide non-starch energy.</td>
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<td>Available almost everywhere</td>
<td>Soybean meal is available almost everywhere.</td>
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<td> Cheap!</td>
<td>The cheapest source of protein!</td>
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</tbody>
</table>
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<p>Next is alternative grains</p>
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<h2><strong>What are alternative feed ingredients for corn and soybeans?</strong></h2>
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<p>The table below contains alternative grains for corn and soy.</p>
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<table border="5" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
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<td><strong>Energy alternative sources for Corn</strong></td>
<td><strong>Protein alternative sources for soy</strong></td>
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<td>Wheat</td>
<td>Peas</td>
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<td>Barley</td>
<td>Sunflower meal</td>
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<td>Grain Sorghum (Milo)</td>
<td>Linseed (flax) Meal</td>
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<td>Triticale</td>
<td>Camelina Meal</td>
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<td></td>
<td>Fish Meal</td>
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<td></td>
<td>Crab Meal</td>
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<td></td>
<td>Sesame Meal</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<h4><span></span><strong>Also read <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/7-winter-chickens-to-keep-them-warm-1/">Blog 7 Ways On How To Winter Chickens To Keep Them Warm</a>:</strong></h4>
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<h2><strong>Alternative Feed Ingredients for Corn</strong></h2>
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<ul>
<li>Grain Sorghum (Milo)</li>
<li>Wheat</li>
<li>Barley</li>
<li>Triticale</li>
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<h3>1. <strong>Grain Sorghum (Milo)</strong></h3>
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<p><strong><img alt="" height="300" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Red+and+white+sorghum.png" width="300"/></strong></p>
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<ul>
<li>7-9% protein, 1400 Kcal/lb</li>
<li> The most suitable replacement for corn. </li>
<li>Feeding value is essentially 95–96% the same as corn</li>
<li>Limitation: tannin content </li>
<li>The red or rusty color of the seed = higher tannins </li>
<li>White or light varieties have fewer tannins which allow feeding higher levels </li>
<li>Should be limited to 30-40% of the total diet based on the tannin content</li>
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<h3><strong>2.Wheat</strong></h3>
<p><strong><img alt="" height="305" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Wheat.jpg" width="200"/></strong></p>
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<li> 9-16% protein, 1440 kcal/lb</li>
<li>Hard, red spring wheat varieties tend to have higher protein •</li>
<li>Soft, white winter varieties lower protein </li>
<li>Limitations: Pentosans content and the lack of Xylanase enzymes produced by the poultry digestive tract </li>
<li>Diets should be limited to 30% for young poultry and 50% for mature poultry</li>
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<h3><strong>3. Triticale</strong></h3>
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<p><strong><img alt="" height="229" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Tricale.png" width="229"/></strong></p>
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<li>11-13% protein, 1400 kcal/lb</li>
<li> Hybrid of wheat and rye</li>
<li><strong>Limitations:</strong> Pentosans content and the lack of Xylanase enzymes produced by the poultry digestive tract</li>
<li>Similar to wheat </li>
<li>Diets should be limited to 30% for young poultry and 50% for mature poultry</li>
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<h4><strong>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/how-to-cure-paralysis-in-broiler-chickens-for-full-recovery/"> How to cure paralysis in broiler chickens for full recovery</a></strong></h4>
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<h3><strong>4. Barley</strong></h3>
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<p><strong><img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Barley.png" width="200"/></strong></p>
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<li>11-12% protein, 1250 kcal/lb </li>
<li><strong> Limitations:</strong> are due to β-Glucan content of barley, 5-8% </li>
<li>Should be limited to 15 – 20% of the diet </li>
<li>May be fed at higher levels if βGlucanase enzymes are added to the diet</li>
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<h2><strong>Alternatives Feed Ingredients to Soy </strong></h2>
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<ul>
<li>Peas </li>
<li>Fish Meal</li>
<li>Linseed Meal</li>
<li>Sunflower Meal</li>
<li>Camelina Meal</li>
<li>Crab Meal</li>
<li>Sesame Meal</li>
<li>No-Soy Protein Blend</li>
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<h2><strong>1. Peas (Field, Cow, Cull)</strong></h2>
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<p><strong><img alt="" height="558" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Peas.jpg" width="297"/></strong></p>
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<ul>
<li>22 – 24% CP, 1300 kcal/lb average energy </li>
<li><strong> Limitations:</strong> </li>
<li> Low Sulfur Amino Acids</li>
<li> Tannins- higher tannin varieties will reduce protein digestibility </li>
<li> 6% reduction for every 1% of tannins </li>
<li> Limited to 20 – 25% in most poultry diets</li>
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<h4><strong>Also Read: <a href="http://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/why-are-my-broiler-chickens-dying-suddenly-causes-and-solution/">why-are-my-broiler-chickens-dying-suddenly-causes-and-solution/</a></strong></h4>
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<h3>2.<strong>Fish Meal</strong></h3>
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<p><strong><img alt="" height="300" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Fish.jpg" width="172"/></strong></p>
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<li>58 – 72% protein, 1280 – 1550 kcal/lb</li>
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<p><strong>Limitations to feeding</strong>:</p>
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<li> High oil varieties-Herring, Menhaden, and Anchovies may cause off flavoring due to the fish oil</li>
<li>High oil meals, should not exceed 5% of the ration</li>
<li>Low oil varieties-Catfish meal, comes from farm-raised catfish. May contain higher levels of contaminants, antibiotics, or heavy metals</li>
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<h3><strong>3.Linseed (Flax) Meal</strong></h3>
<p><img alt="" height="209" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Linseed.png" width="209"/></p>
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<li>30-37% protein, 1100-1300 Kcal/lb</li>
<li> Generally only used in ruminant feed. If kept fresh and not oxidized, works well in poultry and swine feeds.</li>
<li><strong>Limitations:</strong> off flavoring</li>
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<p> Fish flavor or paint like smell from the high oil content at levels above 30%</p>
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<li> Can be fed up to 20% of the diet safely without off flavoring • Use caution in combination with fishmeals and other high Omega 3 oils!</li>
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<h3><strong>4.Sunflower Meal</strong></h3>
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<p><strong><img alt="" height="300" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Sunflower.png" width="300"/></strong></p>
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<li>34-38% CP, 1000 – 1100 Kcal/lb </li>
<li>By product of the oilseed industry </li>
<li><strong> Limiting concerns:</strong> highly oxidative and very high non-digestible fiber </li>
<li>When fresh, can be used up to 10 -15% of the diet</li>
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<h3><strong>5.Camelina Meal</strong></h3>
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<p><img alt="" height="246" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Camelina.png" width="246"/></p>
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<li>37% CP, 1510 Kcal/lb </li>
<li>The byproduct of the oilseed industry</li>
<li>It has the protein and energy of roasted soybeans after the oil has been removed</li>
<li>Limited by the FDA to not exceed 10% of Layer and Broiler diets, 2% for swine </li>
<li>So far, does not appear to oxidize quickly and cause feed refusal</li>
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<h3><strong>6.Crab Meal</strong></h3>
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<p><strong><img alt="" height="226" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Crab.png" width="226"/></strong></p>
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<li>30-36% CP, 900-1100 kcal/lb </li>
<li>A byproduct of the food industry</li>
<li><strong> Limitations:</strong> high salt, low energy </li>
<li> Usually between 2-3 salt from natural sources </li>
<li>Very low availability in most areas</li>
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<h4> <strong>Also read: <a href="http://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/what-are-the-ingredients-of-poultry-feed/">See the basic poultry feed ingredients</a></strong></h4>
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<h3><strong>7.Sesame Meal</strong></h3>
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<p><img alt="" height="300" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Sesame.png" width="300"/></p>
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<ul>
<li>42% CP, 1025kcal/lb ME</li>
<li>Similar amino acid profile to soybean meal </li>
<li>Lower lysine, higher methionine </li>
<li>Low in isoleucine, leucine</li>
<li>A byproduct of oil see the industry</li>
<li><strong>Limitations:</strong> Phytic acid, which inhibits calcium absorption </li>
<li>Up to 10-12% of broiler diet • 15% of grower/finisher pigs</li>
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<p>In conclusion, these alternative feed ingredients can not completely replace corn and soybeans due to their anti-nutritional contents. So, in using them you have to consider their limitations. Although, most of these alternatives are not largely distributed around the globe, which is one of the challenges limiting their use. Nevertheless, I hope other regions like Asia and Africa have potential feed ingredients untapped. So, it is left for the research institutions to carry out analysis on them and present their profile as those presented in this article.</p>
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<p><em>This article has been edited from the paper 'Feed Formulating Alternatives to Corn and Soy', Presented byJeff Mattocks, feed ingredient specialist with Fertrell Company. From the 2017 PFI Annual Conference, January 20-21 in Ames.</em></p>
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<h4><strong>Sharing Is Caring!</strong></h4>
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<p>Please share and comment.</p>
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<p></p>Alternative Poultry Feed Ingredients: A Solution to high feed Prices?2021-04-14T20:24:02+00:002024-03-28T04:02:04.137361+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/alternative-poultry-feed-ingredients-a-solution-to-high-feed-prices/<p><strong>Alternative poultry feed ingredient is the "big hope" for poultry farmers and livestock keepers in cutting down the exorbitant high cost of poultry Feed and other livestock feeds in general. This is due to the shortage of conventional feed ingredients such as corn and soybeans. But the probability of this becoming a reality is bleak because of some limitations such as anti-nutritive factors and unavailability of these ingredients. However, research on these alternative ingredient has helped to curb some of these limitations.</strong><br/><span></span></p>
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<p><span><img alt="" height="237" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/img1618441153302.png" width="237"/></span></p>
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<p><span>The perpetual increase in the cost of feed ingredients has become a thorn in the flesh of several poultry farmers for the past few years. The hope of feed prices returning to normalcy has become a wish in the sky. Consequently, this has forced many poultry farmers to out of business, while other struggle to stay in business by any means.</span></p>
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<p><span>Besides, the cost of virtually all <a href="http://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/what-are-the-ingredients-of-poultry-feed/">poultry feed ingredients</a>, especially corn, soybeans, phosphorus, and vitamins has gone far beyond any reasonable expectation. Several causes for the current crisis have been cited, and their response magnitudes debated, but it is certain that the massive diversion of feed ingredients to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/biofuel">biofuels,</a> reduce crop yields, and increased demand for animal protein in developing countries have all been contributing factors.</span></p>
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<p><span>However, whenever there is a hike in the price of feed ingredients, the most common solution to farmers has always been to learn how to formulate feed and by using alternative feed ingredients. With that in mind, interest in such ingredients is intense at present. </span></p>
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<p><strong><span>Read Also: <a href="http://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/what-are-the-ingredients-of-poultry-feed/">Feed Formulation Guide: What Are The Ingredients of Poultry Feed?</a></span></strong></p>
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<h2><strong><span>What then is an alternative poultry feed ingredient</span></strong><span>?</span></h2>
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<p><span>Let us see what Nicholas M. Dale (an Extension Poultry Scientist) have to say;</span></p>
<p><span>Exactly what constitutes an alternative ingredient is an open question. To some in the feed industry; any energy or protein source other than corn, soybeans meal, and fat is taken to be an alternative. </span></p>
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<p><span>A better working definition of an alternative ingredient would be;</span></p>
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<li><span>That has not previously been used regularly</span></li>
<li><span>Whose nutrient composition has yet to be fully defined, or</span></li>
<li><span>For which maximum level of inclusion is unclear. Each of these points is deserving of comment.</span></li>
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<p><span>The nutrient composition of most alternative ingredients has been studied and is accessible for those interested in considering their use. However, as an initial step, samples from potential suppliers need to be evaluated to confirm nutrient profile. </span></p>
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<h2><strong>Risks and limitations of Alternative feed ingredients</strong></h2>
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<p><span>Almost all ingredients have an “Achilles’ heel” or some aspect of their composition that demands the attention of a nutritionist before actual use – we can go ahead and talk about anti-nutritive factors or contents of some of these alternative poultry feed ingredients.</span></p>
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<p><strong>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8-things-i-wish-id-know-about-poultry-farming-Don't%20ever-neglect-no-7/"> 8 Things I wish I’d known About Poultry farming. Don't neglect No 7</a></strong></p>
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<h3><strong><span>Cassava /Cassava Pulp</span></strong></h3>
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<h6><span>cassava tuber and flour</span></h6>
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<p><span>The use of cassava roots and other parts of the plant as animal feed is traditional in Africa and Asia.</span></p>
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<p><span> In Thailand, the third-largest producer of cassava, almost all cassava is used for animal feed and starch production. The latter industry yields a fibrous by-product, cassava pulp, which has been used for feeding cattle and pigs.</span></p>
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<p><span> Researchers at UNE tested this product as a replacement for maize in diets for layers and established that 15% cassava pulp can be included in layer diets without detrimental effects on egg production and egg quality, except yolk color, which was paler for diets containing cassava pulp. Supplementation with products with xylanase and phytase activities (Danisco Animal Nutrition, UK) enabled an increase in cassava pulp inclusion to 20% in diets for layers and maintained egg production at the same level as the maize control diet.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h3><strong><span>Sorghum</span></strong></h3>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><img alt="" height="184" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFPtE4Id9EonVNBBTI4lDjvsGVF9purr6iKQ&usqp=CAU" width="275"/></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>In the case of sorghum, this might be </span><em><span>tannins,</span></em><span> for feed fats oxidative stability, MIU (moisture, impurities, and unsaponifiable) and possible residues, and for corn mycotoxin contamination. The maximum level of inclusion of alternative ingredients is to a large extent based on such considerations, along with actually determining nutrient composition. </span></p>
<p></p>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span>Cottonseed</span></strong></h3>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h3><img alt="" height="166" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/images+(23).jpg" width="250"/></h3>
<p><span>Cottonseed meal contains </span><em><span>gossypol</span></em><span>, which can discolor the interior of eggs. This precludes its use in laying hen feeds. Sources of cottonseed meal with low levels of gossypol can be successfully used in broiler diets and feeds, but such inclusion will likely be limited by the low content of both total and available lysine. </span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Peanut meal is also low in lysine but carries a risk of aflatoxin contamination. However, when purchased from a reputable supplier, a peanut meal can be a valuable ingredient as it is high in energy, protein, and the essential amino acid arginine.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/10-ways-to-sell-and-market-your-broiler-chickens-fast-that-are-proven-to-work/">10 ways to sell and market your broiler chickens fast that are proven to work</a></strong></p>
<p></p>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span>Taro Cocoyam Meal</span></strong></h3>
<p><img alt="" height="210" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRZINX28KIutGPs6XUtzuunaJWaEqTqx0HTTg&usqp=CAU" width="240"/></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span> Cocoyam (</span><em><span>Colocasia esculenta</span></em><span>) products are recognized as cheaper carbohydrate sources than grains or other tuber crops It has high caloric yield per hectare, low production cost, and relatively low susceptibility to insect and pest attack. Similarly, it is reported that cocoyam has a readily digestible starch content because of its small particle size.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>The use of cocoyam as food for man and animal has to limit factors such as storage and presence of antinutritional factors. The antinutritional factors found in taro cocoyam include oxalates, phytates, Tannins, and Saponins.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>(Abdulrashid and Agwuaobi, 2009), reported that cocoyam meal will effectively replace maize at 25% (raw sundried) and 50% (boiled sundried) as a major source of energy in the diets of broiler finishers.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span> Also read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/How-to-hatch-chicks-naturally-at-your-backyard-farm/">How to hatch chicks naturally at your backyard farm</a></strong></p>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span>Velvet beans</span></strong></h3>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><span><img alt="" height="183" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/velvet.jpg" width="275"/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>(Velllingiri and Muthiah, 2010) investigated the use of velvet beans as a replacement for soybeans for protein source in poultry feed. From their proximate analysis Velvet beans were found to contain appreciable levels of <a href="https://www.feedipedia.org/node/8329">crude protein </a>(273.2 g/kg DM), lipid (60.61 g/kg DM), neutral detergent fiber (84.3 g/kg DM), and ash content (56.04 g/kg DM). </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Soaking in 0.2% sodium bicarbonate solution + autoclaving treatment caused a substantial reduction in the levels of various <a href="https://medcraveonline.com/JDVAR/anti-nutritional-factors-amp-its-roles-in-animal-nutrition.html#:~:text=Anti%2Dnutritional%20factors%20(ANFs)%20are%20substances%20that%20when%20present,of%20one%20or%20more%20nutrients.&text=Cellulose%20is%20insoluble%20in%20water%20and%20is%20considered%20fiber.">antinutritional compounds</a> such as tannins (84%), L-Dopa (79%), phytic acid (87%), raffinose (93%), stachyose (83%), verbascose (73%), haemagglutinating activity (84%), trypsin inhibitor activity (77%), and α-amylase inhibitor activity (78%) without affecting the nutritional quality of velvet bean seeds.</span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>They concluded that replacement of soybean meal protein up to 40% level, which corresponds to the inclusion of velvet bean meal up to 15.7% and 11% in the starter and finisher phase poultry feeds, respectively, exhibited better growth performance of broiler birds without any adverse effects.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span><strong>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/cost-of-raising-200-layers-in-nigeria-with-profit-amount/"> Cost Of Raising 200 Layers In Nigeria With Profit Amount</a></strong></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>However, there is a lot of potential feed alternative available locally in different countries that have not been standardized and require in-depth research on their usefulness and limitations. Also, new sources of any ingredient should be submitted for laboratory evaluation before purchase and use in formulation, and possible limitations considered.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Of course, their availability and sustainability need to be considered as well for proper implementation as alternative feed ingredients.</span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Nevertheless, it questionable whether significant savings will be realized from the use of alternative ingredients. Although special relationships can sometimes be developed between supplier and feed manufacturer, prices of ingredients of similar nutrient content almost always rise and fall in tandem.</span></p>
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<p><strong></strong></p>
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<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>REFERENCE</strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p></p>
<p>Mohammed Abdulrashid * and Leonard Nnabuenyi Agwunobi 1 2 Department of Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 1 Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (5): 668-673, 2009 ISSN 1680-5194 © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009 668 Taro Cocoyam (Colocasia esculenta) Meal as Feed Ingredient in Poultry</p>
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<p>Nicholas M. Extension Poultry Scientist poultry Tips (September 2008) College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences</p>
<p>The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service</p>
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<p><img alt="" height="326" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/feed+ads.jpg" width="230"/></p>
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<p></p>Feed Formulation Guide: What Are The Ingredients of Poultry Feed?2021-03-24T13:46:33+00:002024-03-28T10:11:50.595492+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/Ingredients-of-poultry-feed/<p><strong><span> Some of the common ingredients for poultry feed are maize, soybeans, sunflower, fish meal, bran, groundnut cake, palm kernel cake, (PKC), cow-pea, cereal grains, vitamin, and mineral supplements, and feed additives. These ingredients should be capable of supplying the chickens with the necessary nutrients for different chicken types and ages for optimal performance.</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><span><img alt="" height="133" src="https://www.theprairiehomestead.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/NHchickenfeed.png" width="200"/></span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span></span>Thus, in formulating your poultry feed it is almost important you also know the<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sohail-Khan-19/publication/267631675_Assessment_of_Poultry_Feed_Ingredients_Used_in_Commercial_Compound_Feed/links/545503ac0cf2bccc490cc82a/Assessment-of-Poultry-Feed-Ingredients-Used-in-Commercial-Compound-Feed.pdf"> nutrients composition</a> of various feed ingredients, their functions, their <a href="http://free-journal.umm.ac.id/files/file/Effect%20of%20Processing%20Methods%20on%20Some%20Antinutritional%20Factors%20in.pdf">anti-nutritional factors</a>, digestibility, sheer life, palatability, alternative source, and balancing between feed ingredients, so as to enable you to formulate the best feed for your chicken with low-cost input. </p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span><strong></strong></span></p>
<p><span><strong>Also read</strong>: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8%20best%20poultry%20feeds%20in%20Nigeria%20%20with%20their%20prices%20for%20optimal%20birds'%20growth/">8 Best poultry feeds in Nigeria with their prices for optimal birds' growth</a></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>However, in this post let start by knowing the functions of various feed ingredients and their classification under the classes food, In My Subsequently post, we shall look at their nutrient composition and balance feed ingredients, and eventually how you can use standard feed formulas to mix or formulate different types of feed for different types of chickens and ages. </span></p>
<p><span> I am committed to ensuring you optimized your profit by formulating your own feed with low input without compromising performance.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Stay with me on this adventure.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>So, let get down to today's lesson</span></p>
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<p><span></span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p>Poultry feed contains feedstuffs or ingredients which are divided into three main groups:</p>
<ol>
<li>Those that promote growth, help to lay, and form flesh;</li>
<li>Those that supply heat and energy;</li>
<li>Those that are necessary for health</li>
</ol>
<p></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>These are the 6 basic poultry feed ingredients</span></p>
<ol>
<li><span>Starchy grains and tubers and their by-products</span></li>
<li><span>Fat and oil</span></li>
<li><span>Protein meals</span></li>
<li><span>Mineral Substances</span></li>
<li><span>Vitamins</span></li>
<li><span>Feed additives</span></li>
</ol>
<p><span>Now, let look at some examples and their function under the following classes of food;</span></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
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<p><b>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/how-to-stop-watery-whitish-greenish-brownish-yellow-and-blood-stain-in-your-chickens-poops/"> How to Stop watery whitish, greenish, brownish-yellow and bloodstain in your Chickens poops for full Recovery</a></b></p>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><img alt="" height="183" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/download.jpg" width="275"/></h2>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Proteinous Poultry feed Ingredients:</span></strong></h2>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Protein meals promote growth, egg-laying, and the formation of flesh. Proteins come from animal and vegetable sources, and can be found in the following local foodstuffs: fishmeal, meat-meal, soybeans, cow-peas, almost all kinds of beans and their by-products; white ant (termite), black soldier fly, larva, and insects such as grasshoppers also provide protein food. </span></p>
<p><span>The amount you will feed your birds will depend on the type of stock you have. Part of the protein should be of animal origin.</span></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong>Starchy poultry Feed Ingredients</strong><br/><strong></strong></h2>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><span>This includes starchy grains (mainly cereal grains) and their by-products, tubers, and roots. They act as a source of heat and energy to the body, and the excess is usually stored in the body as fat. Foods rich in starch are maize, rice, millet, guinea corn, cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, and cocoyam. When you feed your hen too much starchy food they will become too fat and consequently lay fewer eggs.</span></p>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>Also read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/10-ways-to-sell-and-market-your-broiler-chickens-fast-that-are-proven-to-work/">10 ways to sell and market your broiler chickens fast that are proven to work</a></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span>Fatty and Oil Poultry Feed Ingredients</span></strong></h2>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><span>These act like starch and produce heat and energy in the body of the bird, but a lot of fat or oil is good for poultry. 0.5kg of fat is equal to about 1kg of starch. When too much protein is fed, the surplus is changed into energy, but neither fat nor starch can replace protein. The following foods are rich in fats and oil: groundnuts, palm oil, coconut, and soybeans.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span>Note: </span></strong><span>Fat and oil should not be used too much because of their rancidity nature.</span></p>
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<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Mineral Substances</span></strong></h2>
<p><span>Minerals are just as necessary in a diet as other feeding stuff. The bone of the bird’s body and the eggshells are composed largely of mineral substances, which are to a great extent supplied by ordinary feeding stuff. Oyster shells, limestone grit, bone meal, woos=ash, and common salt are good sources of some minerals. Green grass and other kinds of green food are rich in other minerals. Minerals also help to keep the birds healthy.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>Also read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/6-best-multivitamins-for-poultry-in-nigeria/"> 6 Best Multivitamins for Poultry in Nigeria With Their Prices</a></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span>Vitamins</span></strong></h2>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>In addition to proteins, starch, minerals, and fats are certain food substances which are very important for good health. These are known as vitamins and are necessary for maintaining good health and normal growth. Birds on free-range easily get foods that contain vitamins. But birds confined in pens should be given foods that are rich in vitamins. </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Examples of such foods include tomatoes, fruit and vegetables, spinach, palm-oil, and cod-liver oil. Lack of vitamins in the ration will cause diseases such as eye troubles, nervous disorders, and leg weakness, and will even cause hens to stop laying and cocks to become infertile *( I .e. unable to make the hens’ ova fertile)</span></p>
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<p><span> <img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/pellet7.jpg" width="200"/></span></p>
<blockquote>
<h6><strong><span></span></strong>Pelleted feed</h6>
</blockquote>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Feed Addictive</span></strong></h2>
<p><span>Feed additives ( Supplements )are ingredients that are added in feed especially in minute quantity to perform a specific function. Includes Methionine, lysine, colorants, Toxin binder, Vitamins, minerals, Feed binder, Digestive enzymes, Probiotic, Antibiotics, Prebiotic, Acidifier, Phytobitic, Organic Acid, Essential oil, Emulsifier, Etc.</span></p>
<p><span>Addictives and supplements can save farmers and feed manufacturers a substantial amount of money by increasing yields and prolonging shelf-life.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span>Note: </span></strong><span>During feed formulation, you must think about the needs of various age groups. For example, all young stock requires more body-building foods than adults. Laying birds require food that will help them lay. Table birds and breeding stock require different rations. And also make sure all feed ingredients are added in the correct proportion for a well-balanced diet.</span></p>
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<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>Also read<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8-mistakes-you-must-avoid-if-you-want-to-succeed-in-poultry-farming/"> 8 mistakes you must avoid if you want to succeed in poultry farming</a></span></strong></p>
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<p><strong><span><img alt="" height="287" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/pexels-artem-beliaikin-2273602.jpg" width="191"/></span></strong></p>
<blockquote>
<h6>Layers feeding</h6>
</blockquote>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h3><strong><span>What is a balanced diet for chickens?</span></strong></h3>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>A balanced chicken diet is a diet that contains different kinds of foods in certain quantities and proportions so that the requirement for calories, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and alternative nutrients is adequate and small provision is reserved for additional nutrients to endure the short length of leanness.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Therefore, in making up diets, you should include all the essential food substances. Formulate your feed in such a way that will make it easy for them to eat and digest. So, other solid foods should be broken into little pieces (or made into meals), so that the birds can eat and digest them easily.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> When mixing your feed diet, you should consider the following;</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<ol>
<li><span>The larger part of the food should be starch: that is to say, about 50 to 60 percent of the total mixture.</span></li>
<li><span>Protein should form about 10 to 20 percent of the ratio and minerals 1 percent.</span></li>
<li><span>Chicks and growing birds require more proteins than adult birds. Table birds need mainly starchy foods.</span></li>
</ol>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span><img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/chicken-feed2.jpg" width="200"/></span></p>
<blockquote>
<h6><span>Broilers feeding</span></h6>
</blockquote>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>These proportion in the table below may serve as a guide:</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p>Feed Ingredients Chicks Growing birds Layers<br/><span></span></p>
<p><span>Starch 50-60% 50-70% 60-70%</span></p>
<p><span>Proteins 20-30% 20-30% 10-20%</span></p>
<p><span>Minerals 1.5% 1.5% 3-7%</span></p>
<p><span>Other foods to 100% to 100% to 100%</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p></p>
<p>Thus, for example, in a quantity of 100 kg mixture for chicks, the ration can be mixed in this way:</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>Maize (ground into flour)....................................... 60 kg</span></p>
<p><span>Cow-pea ( ground into flour ) ................................ 10 kg</span></p>
<p><span>Groundnuts (ground into flour) .............................. 10 kg</span></p>
<p><span>Fish meal ( ground into flour )................................. 10 kg</span></p>
<p><span>Minerals ................................................................. 1.5 kg</span></p>
<p><span>Bran ....................................................................... 8.5 kg</span></p>
<p><span>Feed addictive ......................................................... 0.5 kg.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span> Food scraps from the kitchen, a little grain, and some green food make quite a suitable diet for a few fowls kept for household requirements.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<h3><span> </span></h3>
<h3><span><strong></strong></span></h3>
<h3><span><strong>Tips on Chicken Feeding Guide</strong> </span></h3>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Don't feed old and moldy feed to your chickens. It can causes ill-health among your flock. </li>
<li>Serve wet or fermented feed on in vessels and not on the floor in the pen</li>
<li>Serve your chickens' wet food that they can finish within a short time. Wet food that is not eaten will attract flies or grow moldy and should be cleared away immediately.</li>
<li>Provide enough feeder troughs long enough to occupy your chickens for optimal growth</li>
<li>Give your confined chickens oyster shells, limes, if there is evidence of calcium deficiency, such as many cracked or soft shells and leg weakness</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/How-to-hatch-chicks-naturally-at-your-backyard-farm/">Blog post: How to hatch chicks naturally at your backyard farm</a></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong> What kind of feed do baby chicks need?</strong></h3>
<h3><span></span></h3>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span><img alt="" height="133" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/pexels-brenda-timmermans-58906.jpg" width="200"/></span></p>
<blockquote>
<h6><strong>Day old chick</strong></h6>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>Chicks do well on an all-mash feed. Make sure the feed contains the right amounts of all the kinds of food needed for healthy growth and is suitable and easy to eat and digest, and also contains substances that help in bodybuilding.</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>If maize is fed it should be broken into pieces small enough for the chicks to swallow easily. Some form of protein food such as fish, milk, or meat scraps should be added. Chick mash is sold, in bags that carry the label, by commercial poultry feed manufacturers.</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>In addition, if you have the luxury, you can give your baby chicks a simple diet of breed (whole grain is best) soaked in milk with eggs. Eggs have the protein and vitamins baby chicks need, and lots of selenium, an important mineral that is not found in many other foods.</p>
<p></p>
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<p>In my next post, we are going to look at the nutrient composition and anti-nutritive contents of the various feed ingredients and how we can balance them for optimal results.</p>
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<p> Please share with family and friends</p>
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