Poultry Farm Guidehttps://example.com/blog/2024-03-29T04:44:24.516602+00:00Your guide to successful poultry farming12 Common Diseases of Layer Chickens: ( Causes, symptoms, and Treatment)2021-05-10T21:17:55+00:002024-03-28T22:49:17.302827+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/12-common-diseases-of-layer-chickens-causes-symptoms-and-treatment/<p> The high mortality rate in poultry has always been a nightmare to poultry farmers <em>ab initio. </em>And the major causes of this mortality are as a result of infections caused by several poultry diseases. These poultry diseases affect different parts of the chickens’ body causing the chicken to fall sick and in severe cases death. In the same vine, some diseases only affect some kind of poultry birds, even at a certain age.</p>
<p>Therefore, it is pertinent to understand these diseases, their manifestations, the types of birds they attack, what part they attack, and at what age does it occur for effective management and treatment.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Nevertheless, in this post, I have compiled 12 common diseases of layer chickens, and I have briefly outlined their causes, symptoms, and treatment.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Here are 12 common diseases of a layer you have to watch out for …</p>
<p> </p>
<h4> </h4>
<h4><strong>Also, read</strong>:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8-ways-on-how-to-make-broiler-chicken-grow-faster/"> How To Make Broiler Chicken Grow Faster</a></h4>
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<h2>1.<strong>AVIAN INFLUENZA</strong></h2>
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<p><img alt="" height="232" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/avian.png" width="232"/></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>Avian influenza (a respiratory infection) is known informally as avian flu or bird flu. “Bird Flu” refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to the specific host. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is of greatest concern.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Sudden high mortality</li>
<li>Decreased feed consumption, excessive thirst</li>
<li>Respiratory distress (coughing, sneezing)</li>
<li>Depression and ruffled feathers</li>
<li>A sudden drop in egg production</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Consult your veterinarian immediately</li>
<li>There is no treatment</li>
<li>This is a reportable disease and strict biosecurity protocols must be followed</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
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<h2><strong>2.CAGE FATIGUE (Calcium Depletion)</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/cage+fatique.png" width="200"/></p>
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<p>Cage Fatigue results from the depletion of calcium from the bones and starts as soon as egg production begins. Its progress is minimized when birds have the correct balance of calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D. High egg production, low feed intake, disease or other stresses can lead to sudden bone loss, especially in less aggressive birds in the flock. Affected hens become unable to stand in the cages and the birds will typically die from dehydration or suffocation when their rib cage collapses.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p> </p>
<p>Increased mortality</p>
<ul>
<li>Birds down in cages</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Keel bone soft and pliable</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Drop-in egg production</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Add Vitamin D3 to the water for 3 - 5 days</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Consult your veterinarian immediately</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Add additional large particle calcium</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Check daily feed consumption (as it often decreases) and adjust the feed density accordingly</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Consider implementing a midnight feeding</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Consider stacked feedings</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h4><strong> Also, read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/how-to-make-chicken-lay-big-eggs-and-make-more-profit/"> How to Make Chicken Lay Big Eggs and Make More Profit</a></strong></h4>
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<h2>3.<strong>Coccidiosis</strong></h2>
<p><strong> <img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/cocci+bird.png" width="200"/></strong></p>
<p> </p>
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<p>Coccidiosis is caused by a unicellular parasite, coccidiosis does not usually affect layers in cages. However, there have been more diagnoses of this problem over the last few years</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Mortality increase from 22 to 24 weeks of age</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Mortality often starts in one row or level</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Evidence of bloody droppings</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Egg production can be affected</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Increased mortality</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Birds going out of production, but not showing signs of any sickness</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Consult your veterinarian immediately. A veterinarian diagnosis is essential as treatment can vary from doing nothing in mild cases to adding products in both feed and water in severe cases.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
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<h2><strong>4.Fatty Liver (Haemorrhagic ) Syndrome</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p> <img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/fatty+liver.png" width="200"/></p>
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<p></p>
<p>This is a metabolic disease that occurs when excess fat is deposited in the liver of affected hens. This causes the</p>
<p>liver to become soft and more susceptible to damage. Affected die suddenly when the liver ruptures, resulting in massive internal hemorrhage. The dead birds are often larger, healthy birds with high production</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Increased mortality</p>
<ul>
<li>Birds going out of production, but not showing signs of any sickness</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h3><strong>Treatment:</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong>Consult your veterinarian</p>
<p>immediately.</p>
<ul>
<li>Add fatty liver pack to feed order for three weeks. This is a diet supplement, and although not always successful, can help birds in some cases.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h4><strong>Also, read<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8-beginners-guide-in-poultry-farming-in-Nigeria-you-must-follow-if-you-want-to-be-successful/"> 8 Beginner's guide in poultry farming in Nigeria you must follow If you want to be successful</a></strong></h4>
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<h2>5.<strong>Fcal Duodenum (necrosis (FDN))</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>This intestinal disease typically appears in flocks in early lay, with the only visible sign being the production of smaller eggs. The cause of this disease is not well understood.</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Small eggs</li>
<li>A slight decrease in production</li>
<li>Potential failure to peak</li>
<li>Pale combs</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p> </p>
<p>Consult your veterinarian immediately</p>
<ul>
<li>Extended in-feed administration of antibiotics until production and egg size have returned to normal</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h2><strong>6.Infectious Bronchitis</strong></h2>
<p> </p>
<p><img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/IB+eggs.png" width="200"/></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Infectious bronchitis is caused by a virus and is generally well controlled by vaccination during the pullet growing phase. However, the virus is unstable and tends to mutate into new forms against which the vaccines may be less effective. This disease does not typically cause mortality in the flock, however, it can impair growth and do permanent damage to the reproductive organs in the pullet phase and it causes a drastic drop in production in the laying phase.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Sudden rise in mortality, which persists for weeks or months</p>
<ul>
<li>Decrease in flock uniformity caused by an inability of affected birds to reach feed and water due to some degree of paralysis</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Delayed feathering</li>
<li>Flat sided egg</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Consult your veterinarian immediately</p>
<ul>
<li>Take blood samples immediately, as well as 18 - 21 days after that to determine if the flock is recovering</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Adjust calcium intake to coincide with drop-in feed intake</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h2>7<strong>. Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>ILT is caused by a virus and most outbreaks are traced back to transmission by contaminated people or equipment. The incubation period varies from 4 to 12 days. Birds are usually vaccinated for ILT with an eye-drop vaccine and control of this disease has been very good.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Respiratory distress, which results from blockage of the trachea</p>
<ul>
<li>Depression</li>
<li>Extreme difficulty breathing, leading to death from suffocation</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Drop-in egg production in laying hens</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Consult your veterinarian</p>
<ul>
<li>Vaccinating the flock as soon as a diagnosis is made may help as this is a slower moving disease</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<h4><strong>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8-natural-growth-boosters-promoters-for-broilers-that-actually-worked/"> 8 Natural growth boosters/ promoters for broiler that actually worked</a></strong></h4>
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<h2>8.<strong>Marek Disease</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong><img alt="" height="150" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Marek+paralysis+in+layer.jpg" width="200"/></strong></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Marek’s Disease is caused by a virus and is usually controlled by vaccination of day-old chicks at the hatchery. Occasional outbreaks occur when the vaccine either fails or is improperly administered, or when a particularly hostile virus infects the flock.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Mortality increase from 22 to</p>
<p>24 weeks of age</p>
<ul>
<li>Mortality often starts in one row or level</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Evidence of bloody droppings</li>
<li>Egg production can be affected</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p> </p>
<p>Consult your veterinarian immediately as a professional diagnosis must be obtains</p>
<ul>
<li>No effective treatment, however steps can be taken to eliminate the virus from the premises before the placement of the next flock</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h2><strong>9.Newcastle Disease</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><img alt="" height="136" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Twisted+neck+of+ND.jpg" width="200"/></p>
<p></p>
<p>ND is caused by a virus and this virus has many strains (mild, medium, and virulent or strong). Transmission is usually from spreading infected manure or nasal discharge, between farms by people or equipment, wild birds, or wind. The incubation period is usually between 3 to 6 days. Birds are usually vaccinated in the pullet barn and control of this disease has been very good.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p> </p>
<p>Respiratory distress (gasping, coughing)</p>
<ul>
<li>Decreased feed intake</li>
<li>Nervous signs, such as twisted necks</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Decreased egg production</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>There is no treatment for ND. Vaccinate your DOC appropriately</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h4><strong>Also, read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/10-ways-to-sell-and-market-your-broiler-chickens-fast-that-are-proven-to-work/">10 ways to sell and market your broiler chickens fast that are proven to work</a></strong></h4>
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<h2>10<strong>. Northern Fowl Mite</strong></h2>
<p><strong> <img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/mites.png" width="200"/></strong></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Fowl mites are regarded as the primary and most serious parasite in poultry. They are common on wild birds and rodents. Can lead to a major infestation of commercial poultry operations. The entire life cycle is spent on the host where it feeds on blood and causes major irritations.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Prevention is key and all measures must be taken to ensure no wild birds or rodents can enter the barn and clean up any spilled feed that may attract insects and rodents.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Reduced feed intake</p>
<ul>
<li>Weight loss</li>
<li>Pale comb</li>
<li>Decreased egg production</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Consult your veterinarian</p>
<ul>
<li>Treatment options are</li>
</ul>
<p>very limited during the life</p>
<p>of the flock</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h2>11.<strong>Parasites/ Worms</strong></h2>
<p><strong> <img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/worms+in+poop.png" width="200"/></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p>Hens become infected with worms by picking up worm eggs from litter, soil, or droppings. Once infected, worms harm the hen’s intestines. There are three main types of worms found in laying hens</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Roundworms:</strong> large, very. White and up to 5 cm in length.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Hairworms:</strong> Smaller worms. They can cause major damage, even with moderate infestations.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Cecal worms:</strong> Fairly harmless worms - can host another parasite called Histomonoas meleagridis (cause of Blackhead Disease)</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p></p>
<p>Decreased shell quality</p>
<p>• Decreased yolk color</p>
<p>• Drop in egg size and production</p>
<p>• Decreased body weight gains</p>
<p>• Stunted or uneven birds</p>
<p>• Increased vent pecking</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p></p>
<p>Good sanitation will help control an outbreak</p>
<p>• If hens have access to outside, good drainage and rotation are required.</p>
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<h2><strong>12. Vent Trauma/ Cannibalism,/ Prolapse</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> <img alt="" height="200" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Prolapse.jpg" width="200"/></strong></p>
<p></p>
<p>This condition may be caused by over-crowding and high temperature and is often exacerbated by calcium insufficiency.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>Symptoms</strong></h3>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Increased mortality</p>
<ul>
<li>Bloody eggs</li>
<li>Drop-in production</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong>Treatment</strong></h3>
<p> </p>
<p>Consult with your veterinarian for possible management solutions if the percentage becomes abnormally high.</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Slowly decrease light intensity or install red sleeves over fluorescent tubes</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<h3><strong>Reference:</strong></h3>
<ul>
<li>Simon M. Shame,(2005), Handbook on poultry diseases. Published by: American Soybean Association. </li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Pullet and Layer Management Guide by New-Life Mills,2021</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<p></p>
<p>Please comment, and share!</p>
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<p></p>Why are my Chickens Getting Sick and Dying? (Causes and Treatment)2021-03-20T21:56:02+00:002024-03-29T00:32:30.038368+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/Causes%20of%20frequent%20death%20in%20your%20poultry%20farm/<p> Chickens constantly getting sick and dying could be a terrible nightmare to a farmer. I have had my own dark experience of unceasing death on my poultry farmer some decades ago, and I must confess the pains never fades. I have to take a break from poultry farming to find answers to my chicken problems, which I later found and I am going to share them in this post.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h2></h2>
<h2></h2>
<blockquote>
<h6><img alt="" height="126" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/dead+chicken.jpg" width="304"/></h6>
</blockquote>
<h6> <em>Dead broiler chicken</em></h6>
<p></p>
<h2><strong>What causes the chicken to get Sick?</strong></h2>
<p> </p>
<p>Chickens can get sick and die due to diseases, but when it becomes a trend with every batch, it becomes alarming and calls for immediate intervention.</p>
<p>From my experience over the years, the reasons why your chickens are getting sick and dying may stem from</p>
<ul>
<li>Bad housing conditions,</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Bad feeding, and management,</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Parasite (external and internal),</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<ul>
<li>Infection from other flocks/ Visitor</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<ul>
<li> Weakness inherited from parents.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>Fortunately, most of these conditions can be treated or managed.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Next, we are going to look at the effects of these conditions on the health and lives of our chickens and how they could be managed and be treated.</p>
<p>At this junction, I Implore you to read between lines because I will be dropping some secrets on how to prevent and reduce death among your flocks for maximum profitability.</p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Also, read; <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/how-to-stop-watery-whitish-greenish-brownish-yellow-and-blood-stain-in-your-chickens-poops/"> How to Stop watery whitish, greenish, brownish-yellow, and bloodstain in your Chickens poops for full Recovery</a></strong></p>
<p></p>
<h2> <img alt="" height="300" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/pexels-artem-beliaikin-2273602.jpg" width="200"/></h2>
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<h2>1 <strong>Bad Housing Conditions: </strong></h2>
<p>Providing a good housing condition for your chickens is the first line of action to ensuring a successful production. A good chicken house should be well ventilated. Poor ventilation will expose your chickens to diseases that could make them fall sick especially with respiratory diseases (cough and catarrh). </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p> In building your chicken pen or chicken house, ensure the following points:</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>In building your pen, make sure the longer sides are facing the east-west direction in order to avoid the high intensity of the sun.</li>
<li>The pen should have a good airflow; where fresh air can come in and leave.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>The block length between the ground level and the nettings should not exceed four blocks</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The distance between the ground and the roof should not go below eight feets</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Aluminum and asbestos are more preferable for roofing</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p> And again, high stocking density will invariably lead to overcrowding causing vices like feather pecking, cannibalism, fighting, and <a href="https://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/why-are-my-broiler-chickens-dying-suddenly-causes-and-solution/">heat stress</a> which is one of the causes of sudden death in chickens, especially in broilers.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>You can construct a perch/roost for your free rang chickens and layers to keep them fit and also a place for them to roost at nightfall. It also keeps them away from their droppings containing germs and ammonia which can make them chicken sick.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<h2><strong>2.Bad feeding and Management:</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>Poor food; food not mixed in the correct proportions, moldy food; dirty and impure water could make your chickens fall sick and die in extreme cases. While in some cases would cause stunted growth and poor egg production in broilers and layers respectively.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>And again, moldy food and food that has come in contact with droppings and dirt are two of the greatest causes of disease. You should buy or make feeding troughs and drinkers that will prevent the feet of your birds from getting into them.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>A balanced diet helps the birds to resist disease.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> In addition, your Food utensils should be cleaned and disinfected frequently, and drinking water changed and the waterline/container flushed or cleaned periodically or daily.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>The feed should be stored in a cool dry place. Store your feed for a period of time, ideally for less than two months from the date of the feed being manufactured. High temperature encourages mold growth and oxidative rancidity.</p>
<p><em> </em></p>
<h3><em>Pen and Litter Management in poultry</em></h3>
<p> </p>
<p>One of the secrets to ensuring I keep my broiler mortality below 4% is proper sanitation and cleanliness. I will say it and I will continue to say it, even though it sounds cliché, 'Prevention is better than cure'</p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p><img alt="" height="133" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/pexels-cottonbro-4911723.jpg" width="200"/></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Chickens love to perch</p>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>In fact, I hate curing diseases. I prefer to ache my back from cleaning my pen every day than to pass through that emotional stress and fear of having to treat a sick bird.</p>
<p> Experimentally, clean and change the litter of your pen every day if you can, or let say, every three days from week 2 to week 8, and come tell me the difference while every other thing being equal, I bet you, you shall have zero or below 4 % mortality.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>To achieve maximum result, ensure you do the followings;</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Never allow your birds to walk on their droppings but on a thick layer of wood shavings or any other alternative good litter. You can also use a wired platform raised off the floor.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>You should regularly clear the pen of feathers and mix droppings with wood shavings. The litter should be dry always.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Clean the whole pen and rest it between batches. Dust the walls, corners and scrape all caked up litter. Plaster cracks on walls. Add disinfectant in the water while washing the floor. Relitter when the floor is dried.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>For laying chickens, check the nest boxes frequently and cover the floor of the boxes with dry litter. This will also keep your chicken eggs clean.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/fowl-pox-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/">Fowlpox symptoms, treatment, and prevention</a></strong></p>
<h2></h2>
<h2></h2>
<h2></h2>
<h2> 3.<strong>Parasites (external and internal)</strong></h2>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>The main external parasites that are problematic for poultry are mites and lice. Mite parasites feed on the blood of chickens and can cause anaemia and possible death, while lice feed on dander and feathers. The red mite causes the most problems in poultry.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>In addition, <strong>intestinal worms</strong> like roundworms, Cecal worms, tapeworm, etc are the major internal parasites that affect poultry birds follow by protozoa like <strong>coccidia</strong> which causes diarrhea and blood loss. (<strong>Coccidiosis</strong>)</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>Clinical signs of a parasite infestation include unthriftiness, poor growth and feed conversion, decreased egg production, and in severe cases, death. Also, parasites can make a flock more susceptible to diseases or worsen a current disease condition. </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<h3><strong>How do you get rid of parasites in chicken?</strong></h3>
<p> </p>
<p>You can get rid of parasites in chicken by giving proper medication like dewormer, sun-bath, spraying with antibiotic ointment</p>
<p>For treatment visit a Vet or a drug store. For me, I mainly use Ivermectin<strong> </strong>(for internal parasites )or <strong>Kepromec </strong>(for both internal and external parasites) </p>
<p> </p>
<h2> <img alt="" height="136" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSUnMKUEpHyszdr0wFIG-2icrcX7U3FR1rY3w&usqp=CAU" width="243"/></h2>
<blockquote>
<h5>Chickens sunbathing. </h5>
</blockquote>
<h2></h2>
<h2></h2>
<h2>4.<strong>Infection from other flock/Visitors</strong></h2>
<h2><strong> </strong></h2>
<p>Your chickens can get infested by other flocks ( Horizontal infestation) or from its parent (vertical infestation). It is also possible your chickens can get infested by external animal-like rodents, mosquitoes, local chickens, etc. Farm visitors are another source of infection on your farm. They might be carriers of pathogens that may cause your chickens to fall sick.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Your biosecurity game should be top-notch. Farm visitors should change into farm clothe and make use of foot-bath before entering your pen.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>All new or ‘strange’ birds should be isolated for about fourteen days before they are put among the others. During this period of isolation, the new birds should be carefully watched for any signs of illness or poor condition; if such signs appear, the birds should be removed and kill immediately.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>One sick fowl may infect another. Then the disease will spread, and a whole season’s or year’s work may be wasted. You should vaccinate (use a<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/Poultry-vaccination-and-schedule%20for%20layers%20and%20Broilers/"> standard vaccination schedule)</a> your birds against major diseases like Newcastle Disease, Gumboro,<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/fowl-pox-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/"> Fowlpox</a>, and typhoid depending on the diseases that are prevalent in your area.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> Also read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/cost-for-rearing-100-broilers-in-nigeria-with-the-profit-amount/">Cost For Rearing 100 Broilers In Nigeria with The Profit Amount</a></strong></p>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<h2><strong></strong></h2>
<h2><strong>5.Inhereditary/ Hatchery Problems</strong></h2>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong> <img alt="" height="127" width="242"/></strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Broiler breeders</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p>Weakness inherited from parent chicks hatched from eggs of poor quality; inbreeding or mating of closely related individuals may result in abnormalities or disease resistance.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Do your background check before you secure any chick from any hatchery. Make sure the hatchery has a good reputation for good quality chicks.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>According to experts, Chicks with hatchery problems will get sick and may die within the first three days of life. Any health problem after that three days will be a result of poor management.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>In conclusion, generally, to prevent your chickens from getting sick and dying, you should provide your chickens with good feed, clean water, proper medication at the right time, clean and neat housing, and most importantly be available for your birds to monitor their behavior daily. Perpetual absence is not good for the poultry business.</p>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p>If you find this piece helpful, please share it with friends and family.</p>
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<p> </p>How to Stop watery whitish, greenish, brownish-yellow and blood stain in your Chickens poops for full Recovery2020-09-30T13:23:05+00:002024-03-29T04:00:15.481328+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/How-to-stop-diarrhea-in-chickens/<p>From the time in memorial, poultry farmers make use of the color and texture of chickens poop, or droppings to identify some abnormalities/diseases in their local chickens.</p>
<p>However, these abnormalities may or may not be a sign of infection or diseases, but in the majority of cases indicate a sign of one or two diseases. Other factors that may change the color of chickens poop include diet, stress, brooding, weather condition, poison, etc, and in this case, the color changes may not last for more than two days. </p>
<p></p>
<p><span>On the other hand, they are some diseases that cause watery whitish, greenish, yellowish, brownish, or even bloody stain in a chickens poop, which are generally referred to as diarrhea, and can have a 5% - 80% mortality depending on the pathogenicity of the disease-causing organism.</span></p>
<p><span><img alt="" height="228" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ikiK4JMoHzw/V-wxJMj7BKI/AAAAAAAAARo/DmMKw7FEbBM6ImkbBmRYJny4ylyOM-YsgCLcB/s1600/369936.image0.jpg" width="350"/></span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<h6><strong>Chicken suffering from diarrhea</strong></h6>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>The problem most farmers face is how to identify the causes of various poop color in chicken and which medication to use. </span></p>
<p><span>I pledge to you, by the end of this post you should be able to give the right medications to your chickens having diarrhea and answer the following questions</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span>What does bloody chicken poop mean?</span></li>
<li><span>What causes bloody chicken poop?</span></li>
<li><span>Why green stool in chicken?</span></li>
<li><span>What is the cause of green white diarrhea?</span></li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p>Let get down to business!</p>
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<p><span>For easy decision making, I will classify these diseases into three categories to narrow down our options, and for easy diagnoses and medication.</span></p>
<h2><strong><span>Category 1: </span></strong></h2>
<p><span>This group of diseases is mainly bacterial infections (Samonella) or internal parasites (various worms), and with diarrhea as one of their primary symptoms- that is if the right medication could stop diarrhea, there is a high chance that the chicken will recover fully. </span></p>
<p><span>The color of diarrhea could range from watery white, brown, green, or bloody stained poop. </span></p>
<p><span>These diseases can be cured and the diarrhea ( watery colored poop) disappeared if given the right medication and treatment, which I am going to suggest for you in this post. </span></p>
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<p><span>Examples of such diseases include Fowl typhoid and cholera, Coccidiosis, Infectious coryza, and internal parasites ( various worms).</span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>Category 2: </span></strong></h2>
<p><span>This group of diseases is mainly viral infection that cannot be treated even when diarrhea may stop because in this case, the diarrhea is just a secondary symptom resulting from an opportunistic disease usually bacterial.</span></p>
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<p><span> Here, the watery poop or diarrhea may stop when you give the affected chicken some medication, but will not cure the ailment. The possible treatment is isolating the sick chickens and vaccinating the rest of the flock while observing bio-security measures</span></p>
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<p><span> <img alt="" height="355" src="https://previews.dropbox.com/p/thumb/AA-MNHCmLYhb3UQj65qxyXN6SYAxiDz7w9Psd6ufcesIdltinlzl3tvvp0oi8L5y7GUmDzhY-OqB0P9r_EVaMJJ8Ik3H_gtHbIX2MnxGrgBJiZkc9tF-swGWfqmq5UtquN9eFzPyybccAMVzTN1Wp_KEwbpnDbtajY6CxYLf-cTHlEcpgKtvLFxx1SiQY0tRHypDVPKO1C9KtYgGM60NktGqIXBeHonyKfxVZ2PikO0o1aSkKw1TKVlxD6Xh2g9CFkFGE6Sdsw_HGZIuey-ODCggbHELInxVmB6Aj5K2MwXNuiw47_2MFKXnqbXApf3cFkWbaPuNMjA6G3Dfj8t3eEE78ZrOPx0aVIZ0aU6Gsea-HQ/p.jpeg?fv_content=true&size_mode=5" width="350"/></span></p>
<h6><strong>Drained and weak chicken having diarrhea</strong></h6>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>An example of such a case is in Newcastle disease that causes greenish poop. Antibiotics can be given to the chicken but will not treat the viral disease, knowing this will save you a lot of stress and expenses. Example of such diseases which are common in the tropics are Newcastle disease, Avian flu, Infectious bursal disease, IBD ( Gumboro), and Marek disease.</span></p>
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<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/How-to-hatch-chicks-naturally-at-your-backyard-farm/"> How to hatch chicks naturally at your backyard farm</a></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Category 3: </span></strong></h2>
<p><span>These are non-disease causing diarrhea in chicken, and they don’t normally last for long. Medication is not always required in most cases. Examples include diet, weather conditions, stress, poison, brooding, etc. Except for poison, chicken can easily recover from diarrhea.</span></p>
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<p><span>Having understood that some of these diseases causing diarrhea are curable some are not but manageable, and while some are less serious and require little or no attention, n</span><span>ext is to group the disease based on their color manifestation on chickens’ poop, with their suggested treatment.</span></p>
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<p><span>For proper diagnoses, we have to differentiate normal chicken poop from diarrhea chicken poop</span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>What does a normal chicken poop look like?</span></strong></h2>
<p><span><img alt="Firm normal chicken poop" height="217" src="http://chat.allotment-garden.org/gallery/705_17_08_11_9_23_02_1.jpeg" width="351"/></span></p>
<h5><strong>Firm normal chicken poop</strong></h5>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>The fact about normal chicken poop is that there is no fixed color. It all depends on the diet and state of chicken’s health. However, the ash poop with the white cap is generally assumed to be the normal chicken poop, several shades of color can be normal </span></p>
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<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span> Disease-Causing Greenish Chicken poop</span></strong></h2>
<p><span><img alt="" height="299" src="https://previews.dropbox.com/p/thumb/AA-52oH_VO6Yc4Mhmw7mlW_OmWYulxmirsMef2OQ1wxBE236GrqHTgh8No96FhMJQCdI26fMRQk-RDI5DiHf5uitZcmNU11CUJjD8Lvz1xXJJwq8YB9DMiJt4CIVJFMvOHaKfCOwbVp4ttGfIg_VoffW-17I4THS4DGMV1cl92aiL1GcTrEu-URz8lsyX4e57exxCIft1CwMtT2j3jaZ8A-f9boXBl8Ea2C2AxqlNnPOcRQ-aDxNKq5oGiDG7QaFwdz_q6Db4HFr6Vw36EvL2qlSxX-4RaHR5w0j_qsFhaROPXfTM0EBmU0du4mQcC_GDJlNultEZdSmPsXTUDcS9EIRctmzftJhho-CwspYslSWOYIBEWJweViyL1dbQ3c6nB4/p.jpeg?size=1600x1200&size_mode=3" width="299"/></span></p>
<h6><strong>Greenish poop and bent neck of chicken suffering from Newcastle disease</strong></h6>
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<p>The suspected disease includes Newcastle disease, Avian flu, and Marek disease. These are all viral diseases and there is no treatment for them, even when the greenish poop stops. The best thing to do is to isolate affected chicken(s) and vaccinate healthy chickens with the regional <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/Poultry-vaccination-and-schedule%20for%20layers%20and%20Broilers/">poultry vaccination schedule</a>. Practice proper bio-security measures.</p>
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<p><span>Worms are another suspect that can cause greenish poop. The commonest worm is with roundworm, causing a depression in growth and poor appearance.</span></p>
<p><span>Fowl cholera also has this sign and can be deadly to chicken. It can have 80% to 90% mortality during an outbreak.</span></p>
<h3><strong><span>Suggested Treatment: </span></strong></h3>
<p><span>The best treatment for the viral diseases is immunization or vaccination and bio-security. You can give antibiotics for opportunistic infections, usually bacteria.</span></p>
<p><span>For worm, You may see some dead worm in the poop of affected chickens. Give them Piperazine-for roundworm only, Albendazole and Ivermectin for both round, capillaria, and cecal worms. Consult your veterinarian for prescriptions and withdrawal time.</span></p>
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<p>in case the case of Fowl cholera, use tetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, or sulfamethazine. Ensure you destroy all dead and sick birds and disinfect houses and equipment</p>
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<h5><strong><span></span>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8-mistakes-you-must-avoid-if-you-want-to-succeed-in-poultry-farming/"> 8 mistakes you must avoid if you want to succeed in poultry farming</a></strong></h5>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Disease-causing greenish-yellow / yellow Foamy Chicken Poop</span></strong></h2>
<p><span><img alt="" height="225" src="https://www.chickenforum.com/data/ams/19/19381-06083c1a1c94f07874fb709849c991b3.jpg" width="350"/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>The foamy yellow is mostly seen at the early stage of Coccidiosis. You should administer any anti-Cossidiostat to nip it at the bud.</span></p>
<p><span>It is also a primary symptom in Fowl typhoid. You will notice that the chicken becomes sleepy, loses its appetite but is very thirsty, and stand in a dark corner, with its head close to its body. </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>The feathers become ruffled, and the comb and wattles become usually pale and bloodless. The commonest symptom is the passing of liquid poop which is greenish-yellow.</span></p>
<p><span>It can also be caused by internal worm infestation</span></p>
<h3><strong><span>Suggested Treatment: </span></strong><span> </span></h3>
<p><span>For Coccidiosis give drugs like Amprolium, Embazine Forte, Amprococ. For Internal worms, use Ivermectin. </span></p>
<p><span>Fowl typhoid use antibiotics like Amoxycillin sulfaquinoxaline, fluoroquinolones, or tetracycline. Consult your veterinarian for prescriptions and withdrawal time</span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>Disease-causing bloody chicken poop</span></strong></h2>
<p><span><img alt="" height="320" src="https://previews.dropbox.com/p/thumb/AA_0G1OwxTPwD1kMyrBi1rrbV64QDZcXoJLajCrt94FRdY0D8Fv80gJTObLEfao4CVg2xKXE3Gh3Ei3haBYnz8p7Zmc76sb10kx85DSQ3ec9Z19nE98tOC2Hh2g1ITjf6uSGHNTq1kKk1dhDlzPvmutbfrfxM8V9lS8IKvwY5YaFDTO2EThPb3OXt2fpmIajy31nxyPah9UXV-mZTkMzAlyZ0qpb4Uwvz-22FkwVOU4IwvGXUXhdBVlMzEZyqxSEbAktjzyhZ8md1iRG2Bjl_7qSDkZzqVB_JfSMVV46-AFWPDePVNmGjnKC9iVXoTqXuwzDYi-A8x65htBh2I3QtNUtHjKFyO-OFtvNY_eHzK8hdQ/p.jpeg?fv_content=true&size_mode=5" width="350"/></span></p>
<h6><strong>Bloody poop of chicken suffering from Coccidiosis</strong></h6>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Bloody poop can be seen as watery chicken poop without any solid, and sometimes with the normal solid grey matter. Bloody poop is a symptom of Coccidiosis and the amount of blood depends on the severity of the condition. It is usually spread through infected poops</span></p>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span>Suggested Treatment: </span></strong></h3>
<p><span>Use drugs like Amprolium, Embazine Forte, Amprococ, or Tutrazuril. Disinfect the house, and avoid overcrowding and keep the chickens in a clean condition as possible.</span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>Disease-Causing Runny Chicken Poop</span></strong></h2>
<p><span><img alt="" height="169" src="https://tse2.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.E_qerYQfUU8XJchQB9OTHgHaDQ&pid=Api&P=0&w=385&h=170" width="385"/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>This is mainly a result of diet content. Chickens will excrete this kind of poop a few times a day. In this case, you have nothing to worry about.</span></p>
<p><span>However, runny brown poop can also be a sign of either infectious bronchitis or E.coli infection. If so, you will have to treat your chickens urgently.</span></p>
<h3><strong><span>Suggested Treatment:</span></strong></h3>
<p><span>Use strong antibiotics like oxytetracycline erythromycin, or gentatylo, </span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>Disease-causing whitish chicken poop</span></strong></h2>
<p><span><img alt="" height="240" src="https://www.backyardchickens.com/content/type/61/id/6673347/width/500/height/1000/flags/LL" width="320"/></span></p>
<h6><strong>Whitish chicken poop</strong></h6>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>This can either be internal worms or Infectious Bursal Disease(IBD) also known as Gumboro. Sometimes this is also a sign of Fowl cholera which is also dreaded by farmers. </span></p>
<h3><strong><span>Suggested Treatment: </span></strong></h3>
<p><span>Use Ivermectin for a worm, but Gumboro should be prevented with Gumboro vaccine. For Fowl cholera, use tetracycline, sulfadimethoxine, or sulfamethazine. </span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>Clear or watery chicken poop</span></strong></h2>
<p><span> </span><span>Normally, this can be a sign that your chickens have been stressed. It could be as a result of transportation, heat, debeaking, low feeding, etc. Where watery chicken poop is a concern is when it is an indication of infectious bronchitis.</span></p>
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<h3><strong><span>Suggested Treatment:</span></strong></h3>
<p><span>Use anti-stress or multivitamins to revive your chickens. You should not have this problem if their general condition is well taken care of...</span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>Black chicken poop</span></strong></h2>
<p><span><img alt="" height="186" src="https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.C9lS7N77Mo0LuaW6Vkg_wAHaFj&pid=Api&P=0&w=206&h=155" width="248"/></span></p>
<h6><strong>Black chicken poop</strong></h6>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>This is usually diet-related, based on what the chicken has eaten, but if you are sure the chicken has not eaten anything else, you might want to suspect internal bleeding. </span></p>
<p><span>It could also be a result of a high level of protein in your chicken feed. Brooding also causes black poop in brooding chickens that haven’t eaten for some time. They release this large terrestrial smelly black poop, but not as black as when it is internal bleeding.</span></p>
<h3><strong><span>Suggested Treatment:</span></strong></h3>
<p><span>For internal breeding, only a veterinary can help in this case, except when it is not an option you can give the bird vitamin and a lot of water. For high protein content in a feed, tweak your feed formula accordingly.</span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>Note: This post cannot be substituted for the professional advice of a veterinarian. Ensure to visit your Vet if possible. For a more in-depth understanding and remedy of poultry disease, I found this book I got from amazon so resourceful, you can check it <a href="https://amzn.to/3nzFRQn">here</a></span></strong></p>
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<p><strong><span>Remember: </span></strong><span>Medicines have limited value; they can only help to a small extent and should never take the place of sanitary measures. Take good care of your chickens, their food and their environment is the best defense against diseases and parasites.</span></p>
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<p><span>If you find this post helpful. please comment and share</span></p>
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<p></p>Poultry vaccination and schedule in Nigeria for layers and broilers2020-09-08T11:12:33+00:002024-03-29T04:21:27.591516+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/Poultry-vaccination-and-schedule-in-Nigeria-for-layers-and-broilers/<p><span>Poultry Vaccination is the first line of action in preventing poultry diseases, especially in Nigeria where highly pathogenic poultry diseases are prevalent. The prevalency of poultry diseases differs between regions/countries. </span></p>
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<p>This is because some environmental factors like temperature and farmers' practices influence the distribution of these pathogens. Therefore it is pertinent you make use of a poultry vaccination schedule that suits your country/region. <br/><span></span></p>
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<p><span>In Nigeria however, most farmers in rural areas don’t vaccinate their birds, the few who do, don’t follow standard vaccination procedures, and such practices could lead to <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/Poultry-vaccination-and-schedule%20for%20layers%20and%20Broilers/" title="3 possible reasons for vaccine failure in poultry">vaccine failure</a> as well as creating a breeding ground for endemic poultry diseases such as Newcastle disease, coccidiosis, Infectious bursal disease (IBD), Marek, Salmonella, etc. </span></p>
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<p><span> Nevertheless, in vaccinating your birds in Nigeria, you should make sure in the first 4 week</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span>You vaccinate against the major diseases: ND, IBD, Marek, Salmonella. For the early onset of immunity to ensure protection.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span> </span></p>
<ul>
<li><span>In the next 10 weeks vaccinate against ND, IB, AE, Coryza, <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/fowl-pox-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/">fowlpox</a>, ILT, EDS, Salmonella- some of these vaccines may not be compulsory at this stage, except the disease is endemic or prevalent in your area.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span> </span></p>
<ul>
<li><span>Correct intervals between the various vaccinations are required. Find out from your supplier/hatchery, Instructions for vaccination. </span></li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<p><span>The poultry vaccination schedule below is what I am using, and my birds have been doing just fine. But you should ask from your hatchery, most hatcheries in Nigeria have their vaccination schedules/programs with a slight difference in the time of administration.</span></p>
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<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<h2><strong>Vaccination Schedule For Layers in Nigeria</strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="float: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><b>Age</b></td>
<td><b>Vaccine</b></td>
<td><b>Route</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 1</td>
<td>Marek's disease</td>
<td> Given at the Hatchery </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 9 - 14</td>
<td>Newcastle disease</td>
<td>Drinking water, eye drop</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Infectious Bronchitis (IBV)</td>
<td>Drinking water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 14</td>
<td>Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro)</td>
<td>Drinking water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 28</td>
<td><span>Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro)</span></td>
<td><span>Drinking water</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>week 4</td>
<td>Newcastle disease</td>
<td><span>Drinking water or eye drop</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''</td>
<td>Infectious bronchitis (IBV)</td>
<td>drinking water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Week 8</td>
<td>Fowlpox</td>
<td>Wing web jab</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''</td>
<td>Avian Encephalomyelitis (AE) </td>
<td>Wing web jam</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Week 9</td>
<td>Infectious Coryza 1</td>
<td>Intramuscular</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>week 10 - 11</td>
<td>NDV ( Komarov Strain) </td>
<td>Intramuscular</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Week 12</td>
<td>Infectious Coryza 2</td>
<td>Intramuscular</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>''</td>
<td><span>Infectious Bronchitis (IBV)</span></td>
<td>Drinking water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Week 16</td>
<td>Laryngotracheitis</td>
<td>Spray or drop</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>week 17</td>
<td>ND + IB + EDS </td>
<td><span> 3 in one Intramuscular vaccine</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<p><strong>Optional: Repeat Lasota every month and deworm every 2 months</strong></p>
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<h2><strong>Vaccination Schedule For Broilers in Nigeria</strong></h2>
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<p><strong> </strong></p>
<table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="float: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Age</strong></td>
<td><strong>vaccine/medication</strong></td>
<td><b>Route</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Hatching day</td>
<td>Marek's disease</td>
<td>Given at the hatchery</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 1-5</td>
<td>Antibiotics + Vitamins</td>
<td>Water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 1 </td>
<td>Infectious bronchitis</td>
<td>Beak dip</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 9</td>
<td>1st IBD (Gumboro)</td>
<td>water or eye drop</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 12</td>
<td> Newcastle (Lasota)</td>
<td>water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 16</td>
<td>2nd IBD (Gumboro)</td>
<td>Water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 28</td>
<td>NB + IB</td>
<td>Water</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Day 32</td>
<td>Fowl Pox</td>
<td>Wing Web</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<p><strong>Source: Adapted from Amo Farm Sieberer Hatchery Limited.</strong></p>
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<p><strong>Optional: Give Coccidiostat every week</strong></p>
<p> </p>
<p>For general poultry vaccination schedule for layers and broilers, read <strong><a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/Poultry-vaccination-and-schedule%20for%20layers%20and%20Broilers/">Poultry Vaccination</a></strong></p>
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<p><strong>Vaccination is incomplete without proper bio-security measures; I can confidently say that no farmer can get the best protection by implementing only one of these practices.</strong></p>
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<p>If you find this post helpful, please comment and share</p>
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<p>I wish you a successful poultry vaccination program</p>
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<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>Fowl pox symptoms, treatment and prevention2020-09-07T12:35:02+00:002024-03-29T04:44:24.516602+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/fowl-pox-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/<p><span>Fowlpox is a viral disease affecting most species of poultry. It is a relatively slow-spreading disease that affects most birds like </span><span>Chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail, ducks, psittacine, and ratites of all ages (except newly-hatched chicks). </span><span>This disease has fewer fatalities. It often passes through a flock unnoticed to the novice chicken keeper.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<h2><strong><span>Other names for fowl pox</span><em><span>: </span></em></strong></h2>
<p><span>chickenpox (not to be confused with chickenpox in humans; the human disease does not affect poultry and vice versa), sore head, avian diphtheria, bird pox. </span></p>
<p><strong><em><span> </span></em></strong></p>
<p><strong>Also read: <a href="https://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/how-to-stop-watery-whitish-greenish-brownish-yellow-and-blood-stain-in-your-chickens-poops/">How to Stop watery whitish, greenish, brownish-yellow and bloodstain in your Chickens poops for full Recovery</a></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span>Types of Fowlpox and their </span></strong><strong><span>Symptoms</span></strong></h2>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>There are two types of fowlpox;</span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h3><strong><span>Dry Fowl pox</span></strong><span> </span></h3>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Dry fowl pox is characterized by raised, wart-like lesions on unfeathered areas (head, legs, vent, etc.). The lesions heal in about 2 weeks. If the scab is removed before healing is complete, the surface beneath is raw and bleeding. </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<ul>
<li>
<h3><strong><span>Wet fowl pox</span></strong></h3>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span>In the wet fowl pox, there are canker-like lesions in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea. The wet form may cause respiratory distress by obstructing the upper air passages This is the main cause of death from this disease. Chickens may be affected by either or both forms of fowl pox at one time. </span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span> <img alt="" height="161" src="https://www.backyardchickens.com/data/attachments/1191/1191272-17cc75496037fb73c124d13c5edc3191.jpg" width="251"/></span></p>
<p><span> </span><strong>The canker-like lesion in the mouth of a chicken</strong></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Generally, Unthriftiness and retarded growth are typical symptoms of fowl pox. In laying hens, infection results in a transient decline in egg production.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>However, some of these fowl pox symptoms are also signs in other poultry diseases like <strong>Vitamin A deficiency</strong>, <strong>favus,</strong> and<strong> sticktight fleas</strong>. Therefore, differential diagnosis is needed for proper treatment.</span></p>
<p><strong><em><span> </span></em></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span>Also read:<a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/10-ways-to-sell-and-market-your-broiler-chickens-fast-that-are-proven-to-work/"> 10 ways to sell and market your broiler chickens fast that are proven to work</a></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span>Causes of fowlpox in poultry And Mode of Transmission</span></strong></h2>
<p><span>It is transmitted by direct contact between infected and susceptible birds or by mosquitoes. Virus-containing scabs also can be sloughed from affected birds and serve as a source of infection. The virus can enter the bloodstream through the eye, skin wounds, or respiratory tract. </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Mosquitoes become infected from feeding on birds with fowl pox in their bloodstream. There is some evidence that the mosquito remains ineffective for life.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> Mosquitoes are the primary reservoir and spreaders of fowl pox on poultry ranges. Several species of mosquito can transmit fowl pox. Often mosquitoes over-winter in poultry houses, so outbreaks can occur during winter and early spring. </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span>Treatment of Fowlpox</span></strong></h2>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><span>No treatment is available. However, fowl pox is relatively slow-spreading. Thus, it is possible to vaccinate to stop an outbreak.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<h2><strong><span> </span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Prevention of fowlpox in poultry</span></strong></h2>
<p><strong><span> </span></strong></p>
<p><strong><em><span>: </span></em></strong><span>Fowlpox outbreaks in poultry confined to houses can be controlled by spraying to kill mosquitoes. However, if fowl pox is endemic in the area, vaccination is recommended. Do not vaccinate unless the disease becomes a problem on a farm or in the area.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> Chickens may be vaccinated at 4-6 weeks of age using the wing web-stick method, and turkeys older than 8 weeks by the thigh-stick method. </span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span>Recovery: </span></strong></h2>
<p><span>Most individuals with fowl pox will recover and will clear the virus. Recovered birds are not reservoirs of infection. Flocks can recover from infection but the environment must be cleaned before new birds are introduced.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> <strong>Also read: <a href="https://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/8-natural-growth-boosters-promoters-for-broilers-that-actually-worked/">8 Natural growth boosters/ promoters for broiler that actually worked</a></strong></span></p>
<p><span><strong></strong></span></p>
<p><span><strong></strong></span></p>
<h2><strong><span> 6 quick tips to help your chicken recovery from Fowl Pox</span></strong></h2>
<p><span>1. Keep the chicken pen clean and discard any stagnant water to discourage mosquito breeding. </span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>2. Apply fowl pox natural treatment using natural antibiotics and vitamins. I normally use garlic, lime, and palm oil.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>For garlic, Put a few pieces of fresh garlic in their water supply. About 2 to 3 pieces of fresh garlic in 3 liters of water is enough. Replenish the garlic in the water supply after 2 or 3 days. You can add ascorbic acid to boost vitamin C.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>For lime, Scrape the black spot, clean the surface with neem oil, apply palm oil or lime water (not inorganic lime water) on the surface and then give affected bird palm oil.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>3. Apply rock salt (kitchen salt) on the affected parts. It will clear off the ugly black spots, although, this is quite excruciating but will do the job faster.</span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Simply put a teaspoon or more of rock salt inside a spray bottle and fill it up with clean water. Spray the mixture on the infected parts of the chicken. Do this twice a day until lesions dry up.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>4. Give your chickens only fresh food or feeds</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>5. Disinfect feeders and drinkers using mild water and bleach solution. This serves as a preventive measure, you should do this at least once a week</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span>6. Isolate affected birds from the rest of the flock for about 4 to 6 weeks</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong><span></span>Also read:<a href="https://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/expected-weight-of-broiler-chicken-are-you-getting-it-right/"> </a></strong><a href="https://poultryfarmguide.com/blog/expected-weight-of-broiler-chicken-are-you-getting-it-right/">Expected weight of broiler chicken: Are you getting it right?</a></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span>Note: This is a viral disease, there is no cure and birds can only recover through proper management. How long does a fowlpox last vary from the affected bird to the general flock? Individual birds infected with dry pox usually recover in 2 t0 4 weeks, but it may take several weeks or months for the entire flock to recover because the fowlpox virus spread slowly throughout the flock.</span></strong></p>
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<p></p>
<p></p>
<h4>If you find this post helpful, comment and share it with friends</h4>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>Poultry vaccination and schedule for Layers and Broilers2020-09-03T05:00:42+00:002024-03-29T01:15:19.758477+00:00Samuel Ezenwankwohttps://example.com/blog/author/chidi/https://example.com/blog/Vaccination%20table%20for%20Layers%20and%20broilers/<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>This post is your guide to a successful vaccination program. Vaccination is the first line of action in preventing poultry diseases. No level of hygiene or other practices can substitute vaccination in terms of poultry disease prevention- Prevention is always better than cure.</p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p>In this post, you will find</p>
<ul>
<li>How vaccines prevent disease</li>
<li>Types of vaccines</li>
<li>Sites of administration</li>
<li>Comprehensive vaccination schedules for layers and broilers</li>
<li><span>Vaccination schedules in Nigeria (for layers and broilers)</span></li>
<li>8 tips for a successful vaccination</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p> <img alt="" height="242" src="https://www.twincitypoultrysupplies.com/store/images/VACCINES.jpg" width="182"/> </p>
<p> Poultry vaccines</p>
<p> </p>
<p><span>Poultry Vaccination plays an important part in the health management of the poultry birds. Numerous diseases are prevented by vaccinating the birds against them. A vaccine helps to prevent a particular disease by stimulating the bird’s immune system to produce antibodies that in turn fight the invading causal organisms. </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p> <img alt="Chickens with vaccines Kitts" height="220" src="https://poultryvaccination.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/cropped-dd1.gif" width="249"/><br/><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span></span>Chickens with vaccines Kitts</p>
</blockquote>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span> Poultry disease is one of the most difficult challenges in poultry farming. Therefore, there is a need for proper sensitization on biosecurity, feeding, management, and vaccination, if you wish to have a happy bird. Now let us look at how a vaccine works.</span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong><strong><span> How do Vaccines Prevent Diseases</span></strong><span>? </span></h2>
<p><span>Vaccines can prevent the spreading of dangerous diseases that affect both livestock and humans. Your safety, the safety of your poultry, and the safety of people who are going to contact the products of your farm depend on the health of your animals.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p> <span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span><img alt="How vaccines work" height="280" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/how+vaccine+work.jpg" width="280"/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span></span>Illustration on how vaccines work</p>
</blockquote>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>The principle of vaccination is in infecting a body with pathogenic organisms that have been properly processed in advance. These means allow the body to suffer the disease in the easiest possible form and create an immune response.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p>Next time when the body encounters the same pathogen, it will have a set of antibodies that will be able to fight the pathogen effectively. However, the effective immune response needs time to build up properly.</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p>This is why all the living beings that are ever vaccinated should undergo this procedure in accordance with a certain schedule composed by specialists. </p>
<p></p>
<h2><strong><span>Types of vaccine For Chickens</span></strong></h2>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span>Live Vaccine- </span></strong></h3>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>the active part of the vaccine is the live organism that causes the disease. As such, it is capable of inducing the disease in birds that have not had previous contact with the organism. Vaccinated birds in many cases can infect non-vaccinated birds if housed together.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span> <img alt="" height="207" src="https://www.valleyvet.com/swatches/42967_L_vvs_000.jpg" width="176"/></span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> A live vaccine of <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/fowl-pox-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/">Fowlpox</a> and its diluent</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<h3><strong><span>Attenuated vaccine- </span></strong></h3>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>with this type of vaccine, the organism has been weakened by special procedures during manufacture so that it has lost its ability to cause the serious form of the disease. </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>At worst, the birds may contract a very mild form of the disease, however, the vaccine still can trigger the immune system to produce antibodies</span></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<h3><strong><span></span></strong></h3>
<h3><strong><span>Killed vaccine</span></strong><span>-</span></h3>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span> with this type of vaccine the organism has been killed and is unable to cause the disease, although the ability to trigger the immune system remains.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span> In many cases, the level of immunity produced by this form of the vaccine is weaker than that produced by live and attenuated vaccines.</span></p>
<h2><span></span></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Safe Handling of Vaccines on the farm</span></strong></h2>
<p><span>Vaccines are fragile in many respects and require very careful handling to ensure they retain their potency. Poor handling procedures will, in most cases, result in a rapid decline of potency.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<h2><span> </span><strong><span>8 Tips for a successful Poultry Vaccination</span></strong></h2>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><span>1. On receipt of the vaccine on the farm, check and record:</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span>That the vaccine has been transported in the recommended manner which is usually in the chilled or frozen state.</span></li>
<li><span>Type of vaccine- is it the vaccine ordered</span></li>
<li><span>The number of doses- has the correct amount been delivered</span></li>
<li><span>The expiry date of vaccine- after the date of expiration, the vaccine is at risk of losing its potency.</span></li>
</ul>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>2. As soon as possible place the vaccine into recommended storage condition.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>3. Remove the vaccine from storage immediately prior to its being used. Do not mix what is required for an entire day at the start of the day and leave it to stand until required, as the vaccine will rapidly lose its efficacy.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span>4. Protect the vaccine after mixing it by holding them in an ice bath. Place ice in a small or similar container and place the container of the mixed vaccine in the ice. </span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>Some vaccines have a very short life once mixed. For example, Marek’s Disease has a life of about 1.5 hours after mixing if held in an ice bath. It is much shorter if held in higher temperatures<br/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>5. Use the recommended administration techniques and do not vary these without veterinary advice<br/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>6. Always clean and sterilize the vaccinating equipment thoroughly after use<br/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>7. Always destroy unused mixed vaccines after the task has been completed. Some vaccines have the potential to cause harm if not destroyed properly<br/></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span>8. Do not vaccinate birds that are showing signs of disease or stress.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><img alt="Vaccine Cold boxes" height="182" src="https://farm-assets.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/vaccine+cold+box.jpg" width="250"/></p>
<blockquote>
<p><span> Vaccine cold box</span></p>
</blockquote>
<p><span></span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<h2><strong><span>How to Give Vaccine in chicks </span></strong></h2>
<p><span> A vaccine is administered by a specialist using a poultry vaccination schedule. Various methods of administering vaccines include</span></p>
<ul>
<li><em>In ovo </em>vaccination at 18 days of incubation using the patented Embrex InovoJect® system and alternatives</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Post-hatch sprays vaccination, in cabinets for mass-administration of aerosol vaccines to day-old chicks.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li> Subcutaneous injection, using a manual or automatic syringe, to administer either live or inactivated emulsion vaccines to chicks, rearing stock, and breeders.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li> Intramuscular injection, to administer inactivated aqueous and emulsion vaccines to replacement pullet or mature stock.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Wing-web stab to administer live vaccines by the percutaneous route directly to each bird</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> <img alt="Wing web Vaccination" height="166" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2013/04/13/world/13flu_inline/13flu_inline-jumbo.jpg" width="250"/></p>
<p> Wing web Vaccination</p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Aerosol administration, using a knapsack or electric sprayer to deliver the vaccine to flock as a coarse spray.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<ul>
<li>Drinking water administration can be implemented at low cost but is of limited effectiveness against some infections.</li>
</ul>
<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<p><span></span></p>
<ul>
<li>Eye drop and intranasal routes, requiring handling of individual chicks, are applied in hatcheries and during brooding of chicks.</li>
</ul>
<p></p>
<h2></h2>
<h2><strong><span>Poultry Vaccination Schedule </span></strong></h2>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span></span></strong></p>
<p><span>One of the most important poultry vaccination principles is starting from the very beginning of their life and keeping on through the official program until the last one is done. Below, you will find a detailed schedule that will guide you through the effective and resultant poultry vaccination.</span></p>
<p><span></span></p>
<h3> <strong> Comprehensive</strong> <strong>Vaccination Schedule for layers </strong></h3>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p> </p>
<table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="float: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Age</strong></td>
<td><strong>Vaccine</strong></td>
<td><strong>Route</strong></td>
<td><strong>Type</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 day</td>
<td>Mareks</td>
<td>Sc</td>
<td>herpesvirus and SB-1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14-21 days</td>
<td>Newcastle/infectious bronchitis</td>
<td>Water</td>
<td>B1/Mass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14-21 days</td>
<td>Infectious bursal disease (Gumboro)</td>
<td>Water</td>
<td>Intermediate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5 week</td>
<td><span>Newcastle/infectious bronchitis</span></td>
<td>Water or coarse spray</td>
<td>B1/Mass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8 -10 week</td>
<td><span>Newcastle/infectious bronchitis</span></td>
<td>Water or coarse spray</td>
<td>B1 or LaSota/mass</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10-12 week</td>
<td>Encephalomyelitis</td>
<td>Wing web</td>
<td>Liver, chick-embryo origin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10 - 12 week</td>
<td>Fowlpox</td>
<td>Wing web</td>
<td>Modified Live</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10 -12 week</td>
<td>Laryngotracheitis</td>
<td>Intraocular</td>
<td>Modified Live</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10 - 14 week</td>
<td>Mycopllasma gallisepticum</td>
<td>Intraocular or spray</td>
<td>Mild live strain</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12 - 14 week</td>
<td><span>Newcastle/infectious bronchitis</span></td>
<td>water or aerosol</td>
<td><span>B1 or LaSota/mass</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16 -18 week</td>
<td><span>Newcastle/infectious bronchitis</span></td>
<td>Water or aerosol</td>
<td><span>B1 or LaSota/mass</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Every 60-90 days or 18 week</td>
<td><span>Newcastle/infectious bronchitis</span></td>
<td>Parenteral</td>
<td><span>Inactivated</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p><span> </span></p>
<p> </p>
<p></p>
<h3><strong> </strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h5><strong>Source: <a href="http://www.msdvetmanual.com">www.msdvetmanual.com</a></strong></h5>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<h5>a.<em>This is an example of a vaccination program. Individual programs are highly variable and reflect local condition, disease prevalence, the severity of challenge, and individual</em></h5>
<h5></h5>
<p></p>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong> </strong><strong> Comprehensive</strong> <strong>Vaccination Schedule for </strong><strong>Broilers</strong><br/><strong></strong></h3>
<h3><strong></strong></h3>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p></p>
<table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" style="float: left;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><strong>Vaccine</strong></td>
<td><strong>Age</strong></td>
<td><strong>Route</strong></td>
<td><strong>Type</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Marek's disease</td>
<td>1 day</td>
<td>SC</td>
<td>Turkey Herpesvirus and Sb -1 or Rispens strain for the high-challenge areas</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Newcastle</td>
<td>14 - 21 days</td>
<td> Coarse spray</td>
<td><strong>B1 </strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>14 -21 days</td>
<td>water or Coarse spray</td>
<td>Intermediate B1 or Lasota</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><span>Infectious bronchitis</span></td>
<td>1 day</td>
<td>Coarse spray </td>
<td>Massachusetts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>14 -21 days</td>
<td>water or coarse spray</td>
<td><span>Massachusetts</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Infectious bursal disease</td>
<td>14 - 21 days</td>
<td>water</td>
<td>intermediate</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong></strong></p>
<p><span></span> </p>
<p></p>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h2><strong><span></span></strong></h2>
<h5><strong><span></span></strong></h5>
<h5><strong><span> </span></strong><strong>Source:<span> </span><a href="http://www.msdvetmanual.com">www.msdvetmanual.com</a></strong></h5>
<h5><strong><span></span></strong>a.<strong><span></span></strong><em> This is an example of a typical vaccination program. Individual programs are highly variable and reflect local conditions, disease prevalence, the severity of challenge, and individual preferences</em></h5>
<h5><em><strong></strong></em> </h5>
<p>b<em>.Most USA commercial broiler hatcheries use an in ovo vaccination system for Marek's disease at17-19 days of embryonation. Infectious bursal disease vaccine (mild strain) may be combined with Marek's disease vaccines. Vectored vaccines in Which Marek's and fowlpox vaccines have been safely modified to carry immunizing antigens for laryngotracheitis, Newcastle disease, or infectious bursal disease are also commonly used in ovo or day-old chicks. Vaccination at 14-21 days is optional. A single drinking water application for Newcastle disease/bronchitis is also common.</em></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
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<h2><strong><span>How to confirm if your vaccine has worked</span></strong></h2>
<p><span>In some vaccines administration, it is important to confirm if the vaccine has worked, or is “taken”. </span></p>
<p><span>A good example of this is the <a href="https://www.poultryfarmguide.com/blog/fowl-pox-symptoms-treatment-and-prevention/">fowlpox</a> vaccine, which is administered by wing stab. Within 7 to 10 days after vaccination, a “ take” should appear at the vaccination site. </span></p>
<p><span>This is in the form of a small pimple one-half to one centimeter in diameter.</span></p>
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<p><span> <img alt="" height="169" src="http://zootecnicainternational.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Figure-4.png" width="334"/></span></p>
<p><span> Injecting sites</span></p>
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<p><span>However, If the take is larger and has a tacky core, it indicates that contaminants have been introduced either with the vaccine or with dirty vaccinating equipment. A check for takes would involve inspecting approximately 100 birds for every 10,000 vaccinated.</span></p>
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<p><span>Nevertheless, if the vaccination has been unsuccessful, it may be necessary to re-vaccinate to obtain the desired protection.</span></p>
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<h2><strong><span>3 Possible Reasons for Vaccine Failure in poultry</span></strong></h2>
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<li><span>Faulty technique resulting in the vaccine not being introduced into the vaccination site</span></li>
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<li><strong><span> </span></strong><span>Faulty vaccine- too old or not stored or mixed correctly. It would be unusual but not impossible for the vaccine to be faulty from manufacture</span></li>
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<li><strong><span> </span></strong><span>The birds are already immune i.e. the immune system has already been triggered as a result of parental (passive) immunity, previous vaccination, or other exposure to the causal organism.</span></li>
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<p><span> In conclusion, vaccination is meant for preventive measures and not meant for the treatment of diseases. Make sure you follow the steps for safe handling of the vaccine on a farm for a successful vaccination program.</span></p>
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<p>And most importantly, ensure you make use of the poultry vaccination schedule. Consult a specialist in areas that are highly technical.</p>
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<p><span>If you find this article helpful, hit the comment box below. </span></p>
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<h4><span>And also please share on your social media, you might be helping someone out there. </span></h4>
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